All
the languages you've mentioned are Turing Complete, so in theory there is
nothing one can do and another can't. In practice of course, there are
differences, especially in productivity and efficiency. Compared to C, C++ and
Java, which are static typed, Python is a dynamic language and can help you
write the same code in significantly fewer lines. Python has a moto
"batteries included", which means that the standard library offers
all the things needed to build a complex application. Other languages would need
external libraries for this. On top of this, since Python is an old and mature
language (older than Java), many external libraries (for game development and
scientific calculations just to mention a few) have been evolved. So Python can
be used to program desktop applications and in fact in some cases more
efficiently than other traditional languages.
Python
is also a scripting language. This means that you can easily and quickly write
scripts and simple tests with it.
More
recently python is also used for web frameworks. Since there is a big code base
and many python programmers, this was a logical thing to do. These web
frameworks follow the practice mainly introduced by Ruby on Rails.
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